Guru Ji whose original name was Tyag Mal (Master of Renunciation) spent his childhood at Amritsar. In his early years he learned
Gurmukhi,
Hindi,
Sanskrit and Indian religious philosophy from
Bhai Gurdas, and archery and horsemanship from
Baba Budha while his father
Guru Hargobind Ji, Master of
Miri and Piri taught him swordsmanship. Only 13 years old, he asked his father to accompany him into battle as his village was attack by Painde Khan and the Mughals in a battle over Shah Jahan's hawk. During the battle he had weighed into the enemies with abandon, slashing his sword right and left.
After the untimely death of his son
Bhai Gurditta the
Guru Hargobind seemingly started grooming his grandson Har Rai to sit next on Guru Nanak's seat. Har Rai Ji became Guru Hargobind's successor in
1644. Shortly after this Guru Hargobind asked Tegh Bahadur Ji to move with his wife and his mother to the village of
Bakala. He had told his wife, who had wanted her son to follow the father as Guru, that one day he would become Guru and have a son and that both would become famous in their fight for justice.
For the next 20 years the Master of Renunciation spent most of his time in an underground room absorbed in meditation. Before
Guru Har Krishan Ji passed to God’s court, he indicated that his successor would be found in
Bakala. Earlier a wealthy Sikh trader
Makhan Shah whose ship was caught in a violent storm prayed to God that if his ship reached port safely he would give 500 golden Mohurs to his Guru Har Krishan.
The ship landed safely and proving to be a Sikh of great integrity he headed to Delhi where the young Guru had travelled at the command of
Aurangzeb. Along the way he learned of Guru Har Krishan's passing and of his mentioning that the next Guru was in the village of Bakala. He arrived in Bakala to find 22 members of the Sodhi dynasty styling themselves as the Guru and taking donations from the Sikhs. He decided to give each Guru 2 gold pieces and each Guru was pleased and blessed him.
Makhan Shah was about to leave the village when a child told him of yet another holy man meditating nearby in an underground room. Again
Makhan Shah bowed and gave 2 gold pieces and turned to leave. Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji said:
“Why have you broken your promise? When you prayed to God to save you and your ship from the terrible storm you promised 500 gold pieces to the Guru”. Makhan Shah was overjoyed, he gave the rest of the gold as promised and ran to the roof shouting “The True Guru has been found, O Sikhs come seek his blessing”. The false Gurus all ran away.
Becomes Sikh Guru
The responsibility of instructing and guiding the Sikh community was now of Guru Tegh Bahadur's. He was the focal point of veneration of the Sikhs. They came singly and in batches to seek spiritual solace and inspiration. And by his teachings and practise, he moulded their religious and social conscience.
As had been the custom since Guru Har Gobind, Guru Tegh Bahadur kept a splendid lifestyle. He had his armed attendance and other marks of royalty. But he himself lived austerely. Sikh or other documents make no mention of any clash with the ruling power having occurred during his time.
Visit to Harmandar Sahib
Soon after the public announcement by
Makhan Shah, the Guru with a party of Sikhs travelled to
Amritsar to pay obeisance at the
Harmandar Sahib. However on his arrival at this sacred shrine, the Guru was rebuffed by the Sodhi family Sardars who then had control of the
Gurdwaraand he was not allowed to enter the main section of the complex but went as far as the
Thara Sahib - see
Structure of Harmandar Sahib.
The party found that the doors of this premier Sikh shrine were suddenly shut and they were refused admittance. The reason for this action was that the greedy "
masands" (bishops) of Amritsar had acknowledged
Guru Arjan Dev ji's elder brother
Prithi Chand to be their guru. It was under the instructions of Harji, the impostor (Mina) guru of that time, that the doors of the Golden Temple were closed to Guru Tegh Bahadur ji.
The Guru waited nearby for a little while. This place is now known as "Thara Sahib" - the Pillar of Patience. But when the doors were not opened, Guru ji went away and stayed in a nearby village of Wala in the humble dwelling of a peasant couple. Later, the women of
Amritsarcame out and repented for the shameful behaviour of the masands of Amritsar. Highly pleased at the sincere devotion and courage of the women of Amritsar, Guru Tegh Bahadur ji said, "Ever blessed by God be the women of Amritsar."
Mission starts in Punjab
The Guru made three successive visits to
Kiratpur. On 21 August 1664, Guru Tegh Bahadur went there to console with Bibi Rup Kaur upon the passing away of her father,
Guru Har Rai, and of her brother,
Guru Har Krishan. The second visit was on 15 October 1664, at the death on 29 September 1664, of Mata Bassi, mother of Guru Har Rai. A third visit concluded a fairly extensive journey through Majha, Malwa region in
Punjab and Bangar districts of the
Punjab.
Crossing the
Beas] and
Sutlej] rivers, Guru Tegh Bahadur arrived in the Malwa. He visited Zira, and
Moga and reached Darauli. He then sojourned in the Lakhi Jungle, a desolate and sandy tract comprising mainly present-day districts of
Bhatinda and
Faridkot.
According to the Guru kian Sakhian,
Baisakhi of 1665 was celebrated at Sabo-ki
Talwandi, now known as
Damdama Sahib. This journey took Guru Tegh Bahadur up to Dhamdhan, near Jind, from where he returned to Kiratpur. The Dowager Rani Champa of Bilaspur, Himachal Pradesh offered to give the Guru a piece of land in her state.
The Guru bought the site (which was about six miles away from Kiratpur Sahib) on payment of Rs 500. The land consisted of the villages of Lodhipur, Mianpur and Sahota. Here on the mound of Makhowal, Guru Tegh Bahadur ordained that a city be constructed. The original name of the city was Chakk Nanaki. However, later he would rename the city
Anandpur - the City of Bliss and this was where the
Khalsa was born.
However, the Guru did not stay at Anandpur or Kiratpur for long; he left most of its construction to be done during his absence.
Mission to the East
Soon after, during about late 1665 and 1666, the Guru undertook travels to the region east of Punjab and to Easter India to different parts of this region to preach the teachings of
Guru Nanak. His places of visit included Uttar Pardesh,
Bihar,
Assam, Bengal and present-day Bangladesh. One reason for Guru Tegh Bahadur ji's travels to the East was his wish to visit and pay homage to various places that were associated with the previous visit by
Guru Nanak.
These visits to places where core Sikh sangats (communities) existed created confidence and infuse renewed enthusiasm in the people; gave them moral and spiritual courage and a better and deeper understanding of Guru Nanak mission.
Leaving
Anandpur, the Ninth Guru blessing various villages and towns, reached Kurukshetra. An eclipse of the Sun was due and there was a fair and a large gathering. The Guru took advantage of the occasion and went there. The Brahmans and some other people suggested to the Guru that he should bathe in the sacred tank and thus be purified.
The Guru smiled and said, "My friends, one cannot be purified simply by washing one's body since the polluted mind cannot be washed with water. It is only the True Name of Almighty God that can wash away all sins and emancipate the soul." By these means, the Guru imparted the message of Guru Nanak and dispelled superstition and empty ritualistic behaviour.
Birth of Gobind Rai
During 1666 the Guru was travelling east of
Patna to the regions of
Bihar,
Assam and present-day Bangladesh after leaving his wife, family members and Sikh sangat at Patna, Bihar.
At this time
Mata Gujri was expecting a baby as so found it difficult to travel. Thirty four years had passed since her marriage to the Guru Tegh Bahadur. Three hours before the dawning of day, in the winter of her forty second year, on
Friday,
January 5,
1666, Mata Gujri ji became the mother of a prince. Marvelling at the majestic bearing of one so small,
Mata Nankee delivered her newborn grandson proudly to his mother's outstretched arms.
At his post outside the room, Kirpal Chand heard the infant take his first breath and immediately, he turned to dispatch the courier who stood by awaiting the signal to seek out the Guru and deliver the news of his son's birth. Thus
Gobind Rai was born in the city of Patna in Bihar, East India.
Return to Punjab
Returning to Patna in 1670, the Guru directed his family to return to the
Punjab. On the site of the house at Patna in which
Gobind Rai was born and where he spent his early childhood now stands a sacred shrine,
Sri Patna Sahib Gurdwara,
Bihar.
Gobind Rai was escorted to
Anandpur (then known as Chakk Nanaki) on the foothills of the Sivaliks where he reached in March 1672 and where his early education included reading and writing of Punjabi, Braj, Sanskrit and Persian. He was barely nine years of age when a sudden turn came in his life as well as in the life of the community he was destined to lead.
Oppression by the Mughals
But soon oppression and intolerance would again rear its ugly head. The
Mughal Emperor
Aurangzeb ordered
Hindu temples to be destroyed and that idol worship was to be stopped. He had a temple converted into a Mosque and slaughtered a cow inside it. He also had Hindus sacked from their government jobs and employed
Muslims instead. Aurangzeb also ordered
Gurdwaras to be destroyed, and he expelled many missionaries from the main cities. Despite some resistance after many years of persecution, people were being forced to take up
Islam.
P.N.K. Bamzi’s book, A History of Kashmir describes those days:
- Iftikhar Khan… …was using force to convert the Pandits in Kashmir to Islam. Some pious men among the Pandits then met and decided to go to Amarnath and invoke the mercy of Lord Siva (at their sacred cave:editor) for deliverance from the tyrannies of the bigot. At the Amarnath cave, one of the pandits saw in a dream Lord Siva, who told him to go to Tegh Bahadur, the Ninth Sikh Guru, in the Punjab and ask for his help to save the Hindu religion. He spoke to his companions about the revelation. About 500 proceeded to Anandpur where Guru Tegh Bahadur was living.
Kashmiri pandits and Guru Tegh Bahadur
Aurangzeb, being clever, decided if he could convert the revered Brahmin Pandits of Kashmir that millions of followers would then easily be converted. Threatened with conversion or death, the Pandits overcome by panic, came in a delegation to Chakk Nanaki, Pargana Kahlur (from a contemporary entry in the Bhat Vahi (diary) of the purohit of Talauda in Jind Pargana) and requested Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji’s help.
Hearing the serious nature of the conversation, Guru Ji’s 9 year old son Gobind Rai Ji told his father what the problem was. The Guru told his son of the Pandits dilemma and said that it would take a holy man literally laying down his life to intercede. Gobind Rai responded “Who would be better than you to defend the poor Brahmins”. Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji decided to stand up for the right of freedom of worship and told the delegation to tell Aurangzeb that if he could convert Guru Tegh Bahadur they would gladly convert.
Gobind becomes 10th Sikh Guru
He had his son, Gobind Rai consecrated Guru and successor on 8th July 1675. The ceremony that had taken place seven times before was repeated: The Guru place five coins and a coconut before his son as a symbol of the Guru ship passing from him to his son; Gobind Rai was now the Guru of the Sikhs at the age of 9 years.
Journey to Martyrdom
It seems orders for his arrest had been issued by emperor Aurangzeb as soon as he received reports of his declared intention, because he was arrested four days later. An entry in Bhatt Vahi Multani Sindhi reads:
- Guru Tegh Bahadur, the Ninth Guru,… …was taken into custody by Nur Muhammad Khan Miraza of Ropar Police post, on Savan 12,1732 /12th July 1675, at Malikpur Ranghran, Pargana Ghanaula, and sent to Sirhind.
Along with him were arrested Diwan Mati Das and Sati Das, sons of Hira Nand Chhibbar, and Dyal Das, son of Mai Das. They were kept in custody at Bassi Pathana for four months. The pitiless captors imposed much atrocity on the Guru. He was then cast into an iron cage and taken to Delhi, where he arrived on 4th Nov. 1675.
Guru's welcome in heaven
Guru Ji was beheaded on
11 November 1675,
Bhai Jaita consecrated Guru Ji’s severed head to
Anandpur Sahib were it was cremated by Guru Gobind Singh. A severe storm had come up after the execution and
Bhai Lakhi Shah carried Guru Ji’s body to his nearby house, which he then set on fire to conceal the cremation of his Guru's body. It is said that Bhai Jaita's own father volunteered to be beheaded to cover the loss of the Guru's body. Many of the Pandits became Sikhs their leader Kirpa Ram was baptised as a Sikh and died fighting the Moghuls with Guru Gobind Singh's older sons.
Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji had a versatile personality, a warrior, family man with social commitment and a preacher of great understanding and vision. His martyrdom broke the myth of Aurangzeb’s religiosity.
The achievements of Guru Tegh Bahadur are remarkable:
- During the last period in Guru Ji’s life, Guru Ji founded a new town called Anandpur Sahib (City of Bliss) and went on missionary tours to UP and Bengal. Guru Ji also initiated welfare projects all over northern Panjab.
- Guru Ji symbolised the triumph of good over evil, Guru Ji’s martyrdom, unique in the history of mankind, inspired many Sikhs to lay down their lives for noble causes and moral values.
- Guru Ji was also a versatile poet and embodied a message of freedom, courage and compassion; “Fear not and frighten not.”
Timeline
| # | YEAR | EVENT | AGE |
|---|
| 1 | 1621 | Born at Amritsar | |
| 2 | 1632 | Marriage with Mata Gujri | 11 |
| 3 | 1665 | Anointed as the Ninth Guru | 44 |
| 4 | 1666 | Birth of Guru Gobind Singh ji | 45 |
| 5 | 1666 | Founded city of Anandpur | 45 |
| 6 | 1666-70 | Visited Bengal and Assam | 45-49 |
| 7 | 1670 | Return to Punjab | 49 |
| 8 | 1673 | Second tour of Malwa | 52 |
| 9 | 1675 | Petition of Kashmiri Pandits | 54 |
| 10 | 1675 | Gurgaddi passed on to son | 54 |
| 11 | 1675 | Martyrdom due to the above Petition | 54
|
